dc-srap

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Scholarly Resources Application Profile (SRAP)

Authors:
Karen Coyle, DCMI
Osma Suominen, National Library of Finland

Collaborators
Jan Ashton, British Library
Juha Hakala
Alasdair MacDonald, University of Edinburgh

Table of Contents

Introduction

The aim of the Scholarly Resources Application Profile (SRAP) proposal is to enable the description of scholarly resources, such as doctoral dissertations or scientific articles, with Dublin Core Metadata Terms. The proposal is based on a) Scholarly Works Application Profile (SWAP12), which was developed by UKOLN with JISC funding in 2006, and b) Finnish metadata guidelines for text documents in institutional repositories3 (available only in Finnish).

There is significant overlap between SRAP, UKOLN SWAP, the Finnish guidelines, and the British Library’s ETHOS specification4. This is not surprising since they share the same aim, support for description of scholarly resources. There are probably many local application profiles developed by universities and other institutions of higher education for the same purpose. Adding SRAP properties to the DCMI Metadata Terms will reduce duplicate effort in application profile development and maintenance in the future, and improve semantic interoperability between Dublin Core -based metadata produced by institutions of higher education.

The SRAP application profile proposal is intended to be globally applicable. Many suggested properties are already in use by related communities. There are new properties for e.g. creator and contributor roles, but these have been adopted from MARC 21. SRAP draft contains also recommendations for SRAP-related semantic refinements to some existing Dublin Core Terms properties, in order to make them more suitable for use in the description of scholarly resources.

The terms MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL used in the table below should be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

Domain model

SRAP has a simple domain model which enumerates the key entities and describes in generic terms how they are related.

There is a basic bibliographic description for the scholarly work. Where appropriate, with SRAP one can define metadata elements that represent a serial or monographic resource in which the scholarly work is contained. There are also related descriptions of persons and organizations that can provide additional detail.

DCTAP for SRAP

SRAP is expressed in a table format as a Dublin Core Tabular Application Profile (TAP). The TAP expresses the main elements of SRAP in a structured, machine actionable format that can be used for data creation and for basic data validation. The TAP includes details on value types of the properties, like “date” and “string”, and has notes on usage. Refer to the TAP for specific information on properties used, values, and recommended value lists to use.

The following term prefixes are used in this document and in the TAP document:

NOTE: The selection of properties used in SRAP has been limited to DC Terms and BIBO properties. Where appropriate properties were not found in those vocabularies the prefix srap: is used. These latter properties will be discussed with the DCMI Usage Board to find or create the needed properties.

(TODO: embed DCTAP table here; possibly move this entire section later in the document)

Basic Bibliographic Elements

These basic bibliographic description elements SHOULD be used to describe all kinds of resources including scholarly resources:

dct:type, dct:language, dct:contributor, dct:creator, dct:publisher, dct:subject, dct:title, dct:format, dct:abstract, dct:tableOfContents, dct:description

The type or genre of a scholarly resource, when known, SHOULD be indicated using the dct:type property whose value SHOULD be be an IRI from the COAR Resource Type vocabulary. Example values from the vocabulary include journal article, book part and master thesis.

The language of the resource, when known, SHOULD be indicated using the dct:language property. The language SHOULD be an IETF BCP 47 language tag. When the resource includes content in multiple languages, the dct:language property MAY be repeated in order to indicate all the languages.

The contributor, creator and publisher of the resource SHOULD be indicated using the dct:contributor, dct:creator and dct:publisher properties, respectively. These properties SHOULD be used with IRI or blank node resources that represent Person or Organization entities (see Persons and Organizations). However, when only a name is known, simple literal strings MAY be used as values for these properties.

NOTE: dct:publisher here is used when the resource being described is not contained in a larger resource. For example, a technical report would be described with dct:publisher at this level. For contained works, the containing resource (periodical or monograph) SHOULD be described with its publisher.

The title or name of the resource, which is usually available on the resource itself, SHOULD be recorded in dct:title.

The physical format of the resource SHOULD be indicated in dct:format. It is recommended that a standard list, such as the Internet Media Types (MIME) be used.

Additional information about the content of the resource MAY be recorded. The dct:abstract is a resource summary and is often found in the content of the resource itself. The dct:tableOfContents is a listing of the significant sections within the resource. The dct:description would be a general general description of the resource. This can be an account of the contents of the resource or any other description or context that may aid in searching or selection of the resource.

Dates

These date properties SHOULD be used to represent important dates in the life cycle of the resource:

dct:date, dct:issued, dct:modified, dct:dateAccepted, srap:dateRetracted, srap:embargoDateRange

The dct:date property is generic and SHOULD NOT be used when more specific dates are known. The dct:issued, dct:modified, dct:dateAccepted and srap:dateRetracted properties SHOULD be used to indicate, respectively, the dates when the resource was issued, modified, accepted for publication and retracted.

The above mentioned dates SHOULD be in one of these standard ISO 8601 formats:

YYYY YYYY-MM YYYY-MM-DD

If a resource has been placed under an embargo, during which its content is not available to the general public, the srap:embargoDateRange property SHOULD be used to indicate the date range under which the embargo is in place. The date range MUST be expressed using the Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF); more specifically, as an EDTF Level 1 Extended Interval, which permits open-ended intervals. In RDF data, the data type edtf:EDTF SHOULD be used to indicate that the value conforms to EDTF.

Embargo example

This example represents the embargo period for an article that is under embargo from an unspecified start date until December 31st, 2024:

ex:article srap:embargoDateRange "../2024-12-31"^^edtf:EDTF .

Identifiers

These properties SHOULD be used to express standard identifiers of a scholarly work:

dct:identifier, bibo:isbn, srap:url, bibo:isbn, bibo:issn, bibo:eissn

dct:identifier is a non-specific property for identifiers and may be used in the SRAPResource shape, the Person shape, the Organization shape or the Grant shape. Use full URIs as values of dct:identifier for those identifiers that have them, such as the DOI and the ORCID.

The specific identifiers, and their shapes, are:

property shape notes
srap:url SRAPResource shape The URL of the download location
bibo:isbn SRAPResource shape ISBN when the scholarly resource itself is a book
  Book shape ISBN when the scholarly resource is a part of a book
bibo:issn Periodical shape The ISSN of the print journal
bibo:eissn Periodical shape The ISSN of the electronic journal

Publication context and relationships

Journal articles and chapters are usually contained within a larger publication. They may also be presented at conferences or other events. Scholarly resources may have relationships to other resources. This kind of contextual and relationship information is expressed using the following properties:

bibo:volume, bibo:issue, bibo:pageStart, bibo:pageEnd, dct:isPartOf, bibo:presentedAt, dct:bibliographicCitation, dct:relation, srap:versionType

TBW: more detailed guidance (some bits from below could be used?)

The start and end pages are also used to locate a resource that is part of a monographic publication, such as a book of essays or a conference publication with articles. When there is a preferred citation for the resource, it can be coded with the dct:bibliographicCitation property. Scholarly resources may be based on, or otherwise associated with, software applications and/or data sets that are also stored or deposited. For example, an article may be based on software experiments and the underlying data sets may be published separately. SRAP enables linking the resources with …

Periodicals

In SRAP, periodicals such as journals and series are seen as a special type (subclass) of a scholarly resouce. Thus, properties for describing resources in general can also be used to describe periodicals.

A periodical is often not the focus resource, but instead represents a container which the focus resource is part of (see Publication context and relationships). Periodicals SHOULD be described using these properties:

rdf:type, dct:title, dct:publisher, bibo:issn, bibo:eissn

In RDF data, information that a resource is a periodical work SHOULD be designated using a rdf:type statement with the class bibo:Journal (for journals) or bibo:Periodical (for other types of periodicals than journals) as the value.

A periodical will typically have a title and publisher, which SHOULD be indicated using the dct:title and dct:publisher properties.

For identification of the periodical, the properties bibo:eissn (for electronic International Standard Serial Numbers, i.e., e-ISSN) and bibo:issn (for other types of ISSNs) SHOULD be used.

Example periodical

This example represents the Current Problems in Cardiology journal:

ex:curr_probl_cardiol
    a bibo:Journal ;
    dct:title "Current problems in cardiology" ;
    bibo:issn "0146-2806" ;
    bibo:eissn "1535-6280" .

Books

In SRAP, books are seen as a special type (subclass) of a scholarly resource. This includes other monographic publications like technical reports and conference proceedings. Properties for describing resources in general can also be used to describe books.

A book is often not the focus resource, but instead represents a container which the focus resource is part of. For example the focus resource may be a chapter that is part of a book (see Publication context and relationships). Books SHOULD be described using these properties:

rdf:type, dct:contributor, dct:publisher, dct:date, bibo:isbn

In RDF data, information that a resource is a monographic work SHOULD be designated using a rdf:type statement with the class bibo:Book as the value.

The bibo:isbn property SHOULD be used to represent the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) of a book.

Rights

Many types of rights apply to scholarly resources. These SHOULD be represented using the following properties:

dct:accessRights, dct:license, dct:rights, dct:rightsHolder

The dct:accessRights property MAY be used to provide a statement about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status (for example public or private). The dct:license property MAY be used to provide a statement about the license under which the resource is available. Both of these are subproperties of the more general dct:rights property, which MAY be used to provide a statement about rights held in and over the resource in the case where more specific information is not available. All these properties can be given either a literal value or an IRI identifying a document, for example a Rights Statement or a Creative Commons license document.

The dct:rightsHolder property MAY be used to indicate a person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Its value can be either a literal value or an IRI or Bnode describing the rights holder using a Person or Organization shape.

Accessibility

Accessibility is an important aspect of scholarly resources. The accessibility features, hazards, and deficiencies of a resource SHOULD be indicated using the property:

srap:accessibilityStatement

NOTE: This property approximately corresponds to the MARC field 532 Accessibility Note but is more free form. For information on how to express more detailed accessibility information, see the section Extending SRAP.

Scholarly context and funding

Activities leading to the creation of scholarly resources will normally be undertaken at specific schools, institutes, departments, research groups and other organizations or organizational units within, or associated with, academic institutions. These organisations SHOULD be indicated using the property:

srap:scholarlyUnit

The value of the srap:scholarlyUnit property SHOULD be an Organization shape. The property is distinct from organizations with which an individual person has an affiliation or the role of an academic institution in awarding a qualification.

Scholarly resources are commonly created in the context of a project and/or with specific funding. These aspects SHOULD be indicated using the properties:

srap:funding, srap:project

The srap:funding property MAY be used to indicate the funding source(s) that supported the creation of the resource. Its value SHOULD be a Grant shape (see Grants).

The srap:project property MAY be used to indicate the project(s) in which the resource was created. Its value should be an IRI identifying the project, for example a Research Activity Identifier (RAiD). The specifics of how to describe projects is outside the scope of SRAP.

Grants

A grant represents a financial or otherwise quantifiable allocation of resources, for example when a funding agency provides financial support for a research activity that then results in the publication of one or more scholarly articles. A grant SHOULD be described using the following properties:

rdf:type, srap:funder, dct:identifier

In RDF data, information that a resource is a grant SHOULD be designated using a rdf:type statement with the class srap:Grant as the value.

The funder of the grant (for example the funding agency) SHOULD be indicated using the property srap:funder, which may also be repeated. The value can be either a literal value (the name of the funder) or a resource that represents an Organization. It can be an IRI from a registry such as ISNI or Research Organization Registry (ROR).

The grant number or other identifier or the grant SHOULD be indicated using the property dct:identifier. The value is a literal value, for example a plain number.

Example grant

This example represents a grant awarded by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The funder is indicated using both a literal value and an IRI from ROR.

ex:lll_grant
   a srap:Grant ;
	  srap:funder "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" ;
	  srap:funder <https://ror.org/041nk4h53> ;
	  dct:identifier "EP/P010288/1" .

Persons

rdf:type, srap:role, srap:affiliation, srap:name, dct:identifier

TBW: more detailed guidance (bit from below could be used?)

In scholarly publications there can be many named creators and contributors. Although the names themselves are useful for display and identification, they are not unambigous. For this reason individual persons often make use of identifiers, such as the ORCID. Another common identifying element is the affiliation of the person at the time the work was accepted. If relevant, the specific role played by the Person can be coded. In RDF data, information about a person can be contained within a graph with the class Person.

Organizations

rdf:type, srap:role, dct:identifier, srap:name

TBW: more detailed guidance (bit from below could be used?)

In RDF data, information about an organization can be contained within a graph with the class Organization.

Extending SRAP

SRAP is designed to be open and extensible. It is possible to use properties other than those recommended in SRAP, including properties from other namespaces such as Schema.org.

For describing the accessibility of a scholarly resource in a structured form, you can use the Schema.org Accessibility Properties for Discoverability Vocabulary.

Appendix 1. Roles

Examples of roles for theses and dissertations

It is recommended that LC Relator entities be used for the role properties.

These are linked here to the Library of Congress relator properties:

Examples of roles for journal articles

Appendix 2. Legacy representations for SRAP data

SRAP itself is defined using DCTAP tables, which express the SRAP data model. The tables define several shapes, corresponding to different types of entities, as well as their properties (data elements such as title and publication date). The underlying assumption is that the metadata for each entity can be represented in a structured format such as RDF, JSON or XML and the different entities can be represented independently of each other. This is not always possible when dealing with legacy systems that only provide a flat representation of document metadata fields and values. This appendix provides guidance on how to apply SRAP in such a legacy setting.

Flat key-value representation of SRAP

Legacy systems should use properties defined in the SRAP, but in many cases will not be able to make use of the additional information that is provided by the shapes. An example:

rdf:type bibo:AcademicArticle ;
dct:title "COVID-19 and multiorgan response" ;
dct:creator "Sevim Zaim" ;
dct:creator "Jun Heng Chong" ;
dct:creator "Vissagan Sankaranarayanan" ;
dct:creator "Amer Harky" ;
dct:issued "2020" ;
dct:identifier <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618> ;
bibo:volume "45" ;
bibo:issue "8" ;
bibo:pageStart "100618" ;
dct:isPartOf "Current problems in cardiology" .

This example is less expressive than the capabiities when using a non-flat metadata model. In particular, the flat model cannot provide identifiers or roles for the creators; it cannot include the affiliation of the authors; it cannot specify whether the containing resource (the value of dct:isPartOf) is a journal or a monograph.

  1. http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/repositories/digirep/index/Scholarly_Works_Application_Profile ↩

  2. http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue/50/allinson-et-al/ ↩

  3. https://www.kiwi.fi/display/Julkaisuarkistopalvelut/Metadatasuositus+julkaisuarkistojen+tekstiaineistolle ↩

  4. http://ethostoolkit.cranfield.ac.uk/tiki-index.php?page=The+EThOS+UKETD_DC+application+profile ↩